Laboratory "In-vitro" Evaluation of the Parallel Stent Graft Association for the Iliac Sandwich Technique.

OBJECTIVES: The Iliac Sandwich is an off-label technique that uses parallel stent grafts to treat aortoiliac aneurysms. The purpose of this experimental study is to evaluate the conformability and juxtaposition of stent grafts combinations used in this technique through in-vitro mechanical evaluation, computed tomography (CT) analyses, and a controlled pulsatile flow system. METHODS: The combinations of two Viabahn® ("V-V") or Viabahn® and Excluder® iliac extension ("V-E") were analysed using CT imaging with measurement of the gutter area by two independent analysts before and after balloon angioplasty. In a second phase, the parallel stent combinations were also evaluated using CT imaging after being implanted in the aortic aneurysm model with a pulsatile flow system with controlled temperature, viscosity, and density. RESULTS: The "V-E" group had a better conformability when compared to the "V-V" group, ensuring smaller gutter areas (0.0064 cm2 ± 0.01 vs. 0.0228 cm2 ± 0.03, p < 0.001). Post dilatation with two non-compliant balloons resulted in enlargement of the gutter area (Area A, p 0.065; Area B, p 0.071). Conversely, post dilatation with a non-compliant balloon for the internal iliac component and a compliant balloon for the external iliac device reduced the gutter area (Area A, p 0.008; Area B, p 0.010). CONCLUSION: The combination of Viabahn® and Excluder® iliac extension device ("V-E") had a smaller gutter area compared to two Viabahn® parallel stents for the Iliac Sandwich Technique. Post dilatation using a non-compliant balloon for the internal iliac device and a compliant balloon for the external iliac provided superior conformability and juxtaposition.

Experimental comparative assay of tensile resistance of greater saphenous vein from ankle and groin.

BACKGROUND: The great saphenous vein is used as patch material in several types of arterial reconstruction, including trauma and carotid and femoral endarterectomy. There have been reports of saphenous patch blowout, particularly of patches constructed with veins harvested from the ankle. There is a need for objective measurement of the resistance of saphenous vein tissues. OBJECTIVES: To measure the tensile strength of the great saphenous vein harvested at the ankle and groin and analyze the correlation between diameter and tissue strength. METHODS: Venous samples were harvested during elective saphenous stripping in patients with symptomatic varicose veins. Only segments without reflux were included. Ten limbs from eight patients were studied, providing 20 samples in total. Venous segments were opened along their longitudinal axis and fitted to electronic traction assay equipment to obtain values for material maximum tension in kilograms-force per square centimeter (kgf/cm2; the maximum force resisted by the segment, divided by its cross-sectional area). RESULTS: The average maximum tension in the ankle saphenous vein group ranged from 74.02 to 190.10 kgf/cm2 and from 13.53 to 69.45 kgf/cm2 in the groin saphenous vein group (p < 0.0001). The Pearson coefficient for the correlation between vein diameter and maximum tension was -0.852 (moderate to strong inverse correlation). CONCLUSIONS: Ankle saphenous vein tissue from female patients operated for varicose veins has significantly higher resistance than saphenous vein tissue from the groin and there is an inverse relation between vein diameter and resistance of tissue from the same population.

Assessment of residual stumps 12 months after saphenectomy without high ligation of the saphenofemoral junction.

BACKGROUND: Currently, the first-choice option recommended for varicose vein surgery is thermal ablation of the saphenous vein, but this procedure is not available on the Brazilian National Health Service (SUS - Sistema Único de Saúde). In an effort to improve results, surgical techniques have been developed to mimic the new technologies, without their high costs. The most prominent such method involves conventional saphenectomy, without ligation of tributaries. OBJECTIVES: To assess progression of the residual stump after saphenectomy without high ligation of the saphenofemoral junction but with stump invagination and to assess the behavior of anterior/posterior accessory veins. METHODS: Prospective intervention study. A total of 52 limbs were treated with saphenectomy without high ligation of the saphenofemoral junction followed by invagination of the residual stump. Patients were assessed preoperatively and at 7 days, and 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively using vascular ultrasonography with Doppler to analyze the length of the residual stump, the diameters of the residual stump and the anterior/posterior accessory vein, reflux in the accessory vein, and presence of neovascularization. Statistical analysis involved calculation of means, standard deviations, medians, minimum and maximum values, frequencies, and percentages, and Fisher's test and the binomial test. RESULTS: There was evidence of a significant time effect on residual stump diameter (p < 0.001) and length (p = 0.002), but the same was not observed with relation to diameter (p = 0.355) or reflux of the anterior accessory vein. Neovascularization was found in 7 (14.3%) limbs. CONCLUSIONS: After use of the technique described, the residual stump retracted, its diameter reduced over the 1 year postoperative period, and it did not transfer reflux to the accessory vein. Neovascularization rates were in line with the literature.

Avaliação do coto residual após 12 meses de safenectomia sem ligadura alta da junção safeno-femoral / Assessment of residual stumps 12 months after saphenectomy without high ligation of the saphenofemoral junction

Resumo Contexto Atualmente, recomenda-se como primeira opção cirúrgica de varizes a termoablação da veia safena; porém, esse procedimento não é realizado pelo Sistema Único de Saúde do Brasil. Como forma de incluir melhores resultados, técnicas cirúrgicas esforçam-se para mimetizar as novas tecnologias sem seus custos, sendo a principal delas a realização da safenectomia convencional sem ligadura das suas tributárias. Objetivos Avaliar a evolução do coto residual após safenectomia sem ligadura alta da junção safeno-femoral associada à invaginação do mesmo, assim como avaliar o comportamento das veias acessórias anterior/posterior. Métodos Estudo prospectivo e intervencionista. Foram operados 52 membros pela técnica de safenectomia sem ligadura alta da junção safeno-femoral seguida da invaginação do coto residual. Os pacientes foram avaliados no pré e pós-operatório (7 dias, 3, 6 e 12 meses) através de ultrassonografia vascular com Doppler para análise de diâmetro e extensão do coto residual, diâmetro e refluxo na veia acessória anterior/posterior e presença de neovascularização. A análise estatística foi realizada por média, desvio padrão, mediana, valor mínimo e máximo, frequências e percentuais, teste de Fisher e bimodal. Resultados Evidenciou-se um efeito significativo do tempo sobre a medida de diâmetro (p < 0,001) e da extensão (p = 0,002) do coto residual, porém o mesmo não foi observado quanto ao diâmetro (p = 0,355) ou refluxo na veia acessória anterior. Foi identificada neovascularização em 7 (14,3%) membros. Conclusões Após a utilização da técnica descrita, o coto residual apresentou retração e diminuição do seu diâmetro no período de 1 ano e não transmitiu refluxo para veia acessória. As taxas de neovascularização foram condizentes com a literatura.

Abstract Background Currently, the first-choice option recommended for varicose vein surgery is thermal ablation of the saphenous vein, but this procedure is not available on the Brazilian National Health Service (SUS - Sistema Único de Saúde). In an effort to improve results, surgical techniques have been developed to mimic the new technologies, without their high costs. The most prominent such method involves conventional saphenectomy, without ligation of tributaries. Objectives To assess progression of the residual stump after saphenectomy without high ligation of the saphenofemoral junction but with stump invagination and to assess the behavior of anterior/posterior accessory veins. Methods Prospective intervention study. A total of 52 limbs were treated with saphenectomy without high ligation of the saphenofemoral junction followed by invagination of the residual stump. Patients were assessed preoperatively and at 7 days, and 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively using vascular ultrasonography with Doppler to analyze the length of the residual stump, the diameters of the residual stump and the anterior/posterior accessory vein, reflux in the accessory vein, and presence of neovascularization. Statistical analysis involved calculation of means, standard deviations, medians, minimum and maximum values, frequencies, and percentages, and Fisher's test and the binomial test. Results There was evidence of a significant time effect on residual stump diameter (p < 0.001) and length (p = 0.002), but the same was not observed with relation to diameter (p = 0.355) or reflux of the anterior accessory vein. Neovascularization was found in 7 (14.3%) limbs. Conclusions After use of the technique described, the residual stump retracted, its diameter reduced over the 1 year postoperative period, and it did not transfer reflux to the accessory vein. Neovascularization rates were in line with the literature.

Effects of arginine on abdominal wall wound healing in Wistar rats. / Efeitos da arginina na reparação cicatricial da parede abdominal em ratos Wistar.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the effects of arginine on abdominal wall healing in rats. METHODS: we submitted 20 Wistar rats to laparotomy and divided them into two groups, arginine and control, which then received, respectively, daily intraperitoneal treatment with arginine (300mg/kg/day) and weight-equivalent phosphate buffered solution, during five days. On the seventh postoperative day, we collected blood and scar wall samples from both groups. We evaluated serum nitrate and nitrite levels, wound evolution by tissue hydroxyproline dosages, granulation tissue formation, percentage of mature and immature collagen, myofibroblast density and angiogenesis. We used the ANOVA and the Student's t tests with p=0.05 for comparisons between groups. RESULTS: there were no significant differences between the groups studied for nitrate and nitrite (p=0.9903), tissue hydroxyproline (p=0.1315) and myofibroblast density (p=0.0511). The arginine group presented higher microvascular density (p=0.0008), higher percentage of type I collagen (p=0.0064) and improved granulation tissue formation, with better angiofibroblastic proliferation rates (p=0.0007) and wound edge reepithelization (p=0.0074). CONCLUSION: in the abdominal wall healing evaluation of Wistar rats under arginine treatment, there was no change in serum nitrate and nitrite levels, total collagen deposition and myofibroblast density. There was an increase in type I collagen maturation, microvascular density and improvement in scar granulation tissue formation by better edge reepithelization and angiofibroblastic proliferation.

OBJETIVO: avaliar os efeitos da arginina na cicatrização da parede abdominal de ratos Wistar. MÉTODOS: vinte ratos Wistar foram submetidos à laparotomia e separados em dois grupos (arginina e controle), que receberam tratamento diário por via intraperitoneal com arginina (300mg/kg/dia) e solução tampão fosfato em dose equivalente ao peso, respectivamente, durante cinco dias. No sétimo dia pós-operatório, coletaram-se amostras de sangue e da cicatriz da parede abdominal de ambos os grupos. Avaliaram-se o nível sérico de nitratos e nitritos, a evolução cicatricial pelas dosagens de hidroxiprolina tecidual, formação de tecido de granulação, determinação da porcentagem de colágeno maduro e imaturo, densidade de miofibroblastos e angiogênese. Empregaram-se os testes de ANOVA e t de Student com p=0,05 para as comparações entre os grupos. RESULTADOS: não ocorreram diferenças significantes entre os grupos estudados para dosagens de nitratos e nitritos (p=0,9903), hidroxiprolina tecidual (p=0,1315) e densidade de miofibroblastos (p=0,0511). O grupo arginina apresentou maior densidade microvascular (p=0,0008), maior porcentagem de colágeno tipo I (p=0,0064) e melhora na formação do tecido de granulação, com melhores índices de proliferação angiofibroblástica (p=0,0007) e re-epitelização das bordas (p=0,0074). CONCLUSÃO: na avaliação cicatricial da parede abdominal de ratos Wistar sob tratamento com arginina, não houve alteração do nível sérico de nitratos e nitritos, da deposição de colágeno total e da densidade de miofibroblastos. Verificaram-se aumento da maturação de colágeno do tipo I, da densidade microvascular e melhora na formação do tecido de granulação cicatricial pelas melhores re-epitelização de bordas e proliferação angiofibroblástica.

Comparison of the effects of endovenous laser ablation at 1470 nm versus 1940 nm and different energy densities.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate histological and immunohistochemical changes in the great saphenous vein after endovenous laser ablation at two different wavelengths (1470 vs. 1940 nm) and linear endovenous energy density values (50 vs. 100 J/cm). METHOD: Segments were obtained from the conventional eversion removal of great saphenous vein and divided into a control group and four groups for ex vivo irradiation (control group; A: 1470 nm, 50 J/cm; B: 1470 nm, 100 J/cm; C: 1940 nm, 50 J/cm; D: 1940 nm, 100 J/cm). Fifty venous segments ( n = 10/group) were analyzed. Changes were classified into low-temperature changes, moderate-temperature changes, high-temperature changes, and very high-temperature changes. RESULTS: In the intima, low-temperature changes + moderate-temperature changes were significantly more prevalent in group A (65.4%) than in D ( p = 0.001). In the media, low-temperature changes + moderate-temperature changes were achieved mostly in groups A and C (77.4% and 75.0%, respectively). In adventitia fragments, 100% of changes in group A were low-temperature changes + moderate-temperature changes. CONCLUSIONS: The 1940-nm laser wavelength with linear endovenous energy density of 100 J/cm was excessively destructive to the intima and media causing a high rate of high-grade thermal damage. These findings corroborate the possibility of using lower linear endovenous energy densities with 1940-nm devices to achieve effective occlusion with less high grade thermal damage to the intima and media, as well as to prevent damages to the adventitia and perivenous tissues, including venous perforation and its attendant clinical consequences.

Efeitos da arginina na reparação cicatricial da parede abdominal em ratos Wistar / Effects of arginine on abdominal wall wound healing in Wistar rats

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar os efeitos da arginina na cicatrização da parede abdominal de ratos Wistar. Métodos: vinte ratos Wistar foram submetidos à laparotomia e separados em dois grupos (arginina e controle), que receberam tratamento diário por via intraperitoneal com arginina (300mg/kg/dia) e solução tampão fosfato em dose equivalente ao peso, respectivamente, durante cinco dias. No sétimo dia pós-operatório, coletaram-se amostras de sangue e da cicatriz da parede abdominal de ambos os grupos. Avaliaram-se o nível sérico de nitratos e nitritos, a evolução cicatricial pelas dosagens de hidroxiprolina tecidual, formação de tecido de granulação, determinação da porcentagem de colágeno maduro e imaturo, densidade de miofibroblastos e angiogênese. Empregaram-se os testes de ANOVA e t de Student com p=0,05 para as comparações entre os grupos. Resultados: não ocorreram diferenças significantes entre os grupos estudados para dosagens de nitratos e nitritos (p=0,9903), hidroxiprolina tecidual (p=0,1315) e densidade de miofibroblastos (p=0,0511). O grupo arginina apresentou maior densidade microvascular (p=0,0008), maior porcentagem de colágeno tipo I (p=0,0064) e melhora na formação do tecido de granulação, com melhores índices de proliferação angiofibroblástica (p=0,0007) e re-epitelização das bordas (p=0,0074). Conclusão: na avaliação cicatricial da parede abdominal de ratos Wistar sob tratamento com arginina, não houve alteração do nível sérico de nitratos e nitritos, da deposição de colágeno total e da densidade de miofibroblastos. Verificaram-se aumento da maturação de colágeno do tipo I, da densidade microvascular e melhora na formação do tecido de granulação cicatricial pelas melhores re-epitelização de bordas e proliferação angiofibroblástica.

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the effects of arginine on abdominal wall healing in rats. Methods: we submitted 20 Wistar rats to laparotomy and divided them into two groups, arginine and control, which then received, respectively, daily intraperitoneal treatment with arginine (300mg/kg/day) and weight-equivalent phosphate buffered solution, during five days. On the seventh postoperative day, we collected blood and scar wall samples from both groups. We evaluated serum nitrate and nitrite levels, wound evolution by tissue hydroxyproline dosages, granulation tissue formation, percentage of mature and immature collagen, myofibroblast density and angiogenesis. We used the ANOVA and the Student's t tests with p=0.05 for comparisons between groups. Results: there were no significant differences between the groups studied for nitrate and nitrite (p=0.9903), tissue hydroxyproline (p=0.1315) and myofibroblast density (p=0.0511). The arginine group presented higher microvascular density (p=0.0008), higher percentage of type I collagen (p=0.0064) and improved granulation tissue formation, with better angiofibroblastic proliferation rates (p=0.0007) and wound edge reepithelization (p=0.0074). Conclusion: in the abdominal wall healing evaluation of Wistar rats under arginine treatment, there was no change in serum nitrate and nitrite levels, total collagen deposition and myofibroblast density. There was an increase in type I collagen maturation, microvascular density and improvement in scar granulation tissue formation by better edge reepithelization and angiofibroblastic proliferation.

Venous Thromboembolism and Route of Delivery - Review of the Literature.

Venous thromboembolism events are important causes of maternal death during pregnancy and the postpartum period worldwide. A review of the literature with the objective of evaluating venous thromboembolism events in the puerperium according to the route of delivery was performed through a bibliographic survey in the Medline, LILACS and Scielo databases. We observed that patients submitted to cesarean sections present a significantly higher risk of developing venous thromboembolism when compared with those who undergo spontaneous vaginal delivery. The pathophysiological bases for this difference were explored and described in this review, as well as the indications of prophylaxis and treatment. Doctors and health professionals must be continuously vigilant regarding this condition, since it is associated with high morbidity and mortality.

Os eventos de tromboembolismo venoso são causas importantes de morte materna durante a gravidez e o período do pós-parto em todo o mundo. Foi realizada uma revisão da literatura com o objetivo de avaliar os eventos de tromboembolismo venoso no puerpério de acordo com a via de parto utilizada, por meio de uma pesquisa bibliográfica nas bases de dados Medline, LILACS e Scielo. Observou-se que as pacientes submetidas a cesariana apresentam um risco significativamente maior de desenvolver tromboembolismo venoso do que aquelas que se submetem a parto vaginal espontâneo. As bases fisiopatológicas desta diferença foram exploradas e descritas nesta revisão, bem como as indicações de profilaxia e tratamento. O alerta contínuo dos médicos e profissionais de saúde é necessário, uma vez que se trata de uma condição comum associada a alta morbidade e mortalidade.

Influência da termoablação com baixa e alta densidade de energia na junção safeno-femoral, utilizando laser endovenoso 1470nm / The influence of low- and high-energy-density intravenous laser ablation on the saphenofemoral junction, with 1470-nm laser

Contexto: Faz-se importante o conhecimento técnico dos ajustes de potência e de densidade de energia linear endovenosa (linear endovenous energy density, LEED) adequados para atingir o objetivo final da termoablação endovenosa (endovenous laser ablation, EVLA). Objetivos: Avaliar a influência de diferentes LEEDs em termos de patência e presença de refluxo, bem como determinar a evolução clínica. Métodos: Foram incluídas 60 veias safenas magnas (VSM). Os pacientes foram randomizados em dois grupos: EVLA com baixa potência (7 W e LEED de 20-40 J/cm) e com alta potência (15 W e LEED de 80-100 J/cm). O acompanhamento com eco-Doppler e escore de severidade clínica venoso (VCSS) foi realizado nos intervalos de 3-5 dias, 30 dias, 180 dias e 1 ano após o procedimento. Resultados: Dezoito pacientes (29 membros) tratados com 7W de potência e 13 pacientes (23 membros) com 15 W completaram o estudo. Não houve diferença significativa considerando idade, tempo de cirurgia e o uso de analgésicos, lateralidade, gênero e presença de comorbidades. O LEED médio foi de 33,54 J/cm no grupo de 7 W e de 88,66 J/cm no de 15 W. Ambos apresentaram melhora no VCSS, redução significativa dos diâmetros da JSF e ausência de diferença significativa quanto ao aumento do comprimento do coto da VSM e de refluxo após o tratamento. Conclusões: A utilização de maior densidade de energia mostrou-se mais efetiva em relação à estabilização do comprimento do coto da VSM e do refluxo em 6 meses. Fazem-se necessários estudos com um período de acompanhamento maior para fundamentar essa hipótese

Background: It is important to acquire technical knowledge about the power and linear endovenous energy density (LEED) settings needed to achieve the ultimate goal of endovenous laser ablation (EVLA). Objectives: To evaluate the influence of different LEEDs in terms of patency and presence of reflux and to determine clinical outcomes. Methods: Sixty great saphenous veins (GSVs) were included. Patients were randomized into 2 groups, low-power EVLA (7 W and LEED of 20-40 J/cm) and high-power EVLA (15 W and LEED of 80-100 J/cm). Patients were followed-up with duplex ultrasound and calculation of venous clinical severity score (VCSS) at 3-5 days, 30 days, 180 days, and 1 year after the procedure. Results: 18 patients (29 limbs) treated with 7 W of laser power and 13 patients (23 limbs) treated with 15 W of laser power completed the study. There was no significant difference regarding age, operating time, use of analgesics, laterality, sex, or presence of comorbidities. Mean LEED was 33.54 J/cm in the 7-W group and 88.66 J/cm in the 15-W group. Both groups exhibited improvements in VCSS and significant reductions in SFJ diameters, and there were no significant difference in increase of length of the GSV stump or rates of reflux after treatment. Conclusions: The higher energy density setting was more effective for stabilizing the length of the GSV stump and was associated with a lower incidence of reflux at 6 months. Further studies with a longer follow-up period are required to substantiate this hypothesis

Electronic protocol for clinical data collection in chronic visceral ischemia / Protocolo eletrônico de coleta de dados clínicos da isquemia visceral crônica

Abstract Patients with vascular diseases present with a long medical history which makes for complex and confusing medical records. Electronic record systems have a large storage capacity and high information processing capabilities, and may therefore improve the quality and reliability of prospective clinical studies. In the present study, a theoretical framework for clinical data collection in chronic visceral ischemia was created containing 5706 items, organized into six major categories: medical history, physical examination, laboratory testing, diagnosis, treatment and outcome. The database was used to construct an electronic data collection protocol, which was uploaded into the Integrated Electronic Protocol System (Sistema Integrado de Protocolos Eletrônicos, SINPE©) and then used to perform retrospective collection and analysis of clinical data from 10 patients using the SINPE© analysis module.

Resumo Pacientes portadores de doenças vasculares possuem histórico médico longo, o que dificulta a revisão das informações contidas nos prontuários. Protocolos eletrônicos de dados clínicos permitem grande capacidade de armazenamento e processamento de informações, otimizando a qualidade e a confiabilidade de trabalhos científicos. Neste trabalho foi criada uma base teórica para coleta de dados clínicos referentes à isquemia crônica visceral composta de 5.706 itens agrupadas sob os seguintes categorias principais: anamnese, exame físico, exames complementares, diagnóstico, tratamento e evolução. Essa base foi transformada em um protocolo eletrônico de coleta de dados, e este foi incorporado ao Sistema Integrado de Protocolos Eletrônicos (SINPE©) e utilizado para cadastrar, coletar e analisar os dados de dez pacientes através do módulo SINPE© Analisador.

Electronic protocol for clinical data collection in chronic visceral ischemia.

Patients with vascular diseases present with a long medical history which makes for complex and confusing medical records. Electronic record systems have a large storage capacity and high information processing capabilities, and may therefore improve the quality and reliability of prospective clinical studies. In the present study, a theoretical framework for clinical data collection in chronic visceral ischemia was created containing 5706 items, organized into six major categories: medical history, physical examination, laboratory testing, diagnosis, treatment and outcome. The database was used to construct an electronic data collection protocol, which was uploaded into the Integrated Electronic Protocol System (Sistema Integrado de Protocolos Eletrônicos, SINPE©) and then used to perform retrospective collection and analysis of clinical data from 10 patients using the SINPE

Pacientes portadores de doenças vasculares possuem histórico médico longo, o que dificulta a revisão das informações contidas nos prontuários. Protocolos eletrônicos de dados clínicos permitem grande capacidade de armazenamento e processamento de informações, otimizando a qualidade e a confiabilidade de trabalhos científicos. Neste trabalho foi criada uma base teórica para coleta de dados clínicos referentes à isquemia crônica visceral composta de 5.706 itens agrupadas sob os seguintes categorias principais: anamnese, exame físico, exames complementares, diagnóstico, tratamento e evolução. Essa base foi transformada em um protocolo eletrônico de coleta de dados, e este foi incorporado ao Sistema Integrado de Protocolos Eletrônicos (SINPE©) e utilizado para cadastrar, coletar e analisar os dados de dez pacientes através do módulo SINPE

Estudo comparativo da termoablação da veia safena magna na coxa, com e sem tumescência / Comparative study of great saphenous vein ablation in the thigh, with and without tumescence

Resumo Contexto O tratamento com laser endovenoso das veias safenas oferece ao paciente um procedimento com baixos índices de complicações, proporcionando retorno precoce à atividade ocupacional. Objetivo Comparar a formação de hematoma, a presença de parestesia no trajeto da veia safena magna (VSM) e a sua taxa de obliteração em 30 dias após a termoablação ao nível da coxa, utilizando ou não a tumescência e dois tipos de fibras. Métodos Estudo prospectivo em que foram analisados três grupos de pacientes submetidos a termoablação da VSM em coxa, utilizando comprimento de onda 1470 nm. No grupo 1, utilizou-se fibra convencional e tumescência; no grupo 2, fibra convencional sem tumescência; e no grupo 3, fibra dupla radial sem tumescência. Foram comparados, no período de 30 dias, a taxa de obliteração ao eco-Doppler, a ocorrência de parestesias e hematomas. Resultados Ao se comparar 90 VSMs de coxa submetidas a termoablação, obteve-se taxas de obliterações similares entre os grupos, sem diferença estatística. Nos grupos sem tumescência, ocorreu maior número de parestesias no trajeto da VSM na coxa no sétimo dia do que no grupo com tumescência, mas somente com significância estatística na comparação com o grupo da fibra convencional. Ocorreram hematomas em todos os grupos, sendo mais frequentes no grupo 1 (73,33%). Conclusões A realização da tumescência mostrou-se útil na prevenção de lesões neurológicas menores, mas não influenciou a ocorrência de hematomas e a taxa de oclusão da VSM na coxa em até 30 dias de sua termoablação.

Abstract Background Endovenous laser treatment of saphenous veins offers patients a procedure with low rates of complications and an early return to occupational activities. Objective To compare rates of formation of bruising, of paresthesia along the path of the great saphenous vein (GSV), and of GSV obliteration 30 days after thermal ablation in the thigh, performed with or without tumescence and using two different types of fiber. Methods This was a prospective study, analyzing three groups of patients who underwent GSV thermal ablation in the thigh, using a wavelength of 1470 nm. Patients in group 1 were treated with a conventional fiber using tumescence; those in group 2 were treated with a conventional fiber without using tumescence; and patients in group 3 were treated with a double radial fiber without tumescence. After 30 days, the rates of obliteration shown by Doppler ultrasonography, of paresthesias, and of bruising were compared. Results Comparison of the results of thermal ablation of 90 GSVs in the thigh revealed similar rates of obliteration, with no statistical differences. The rate of paresthesia along the path of the GSV in the thigh was higher in the groups without tumescence than in the group with tumescence, but the difference only attained statistical significance for the comparison with the group that was treated with the conventional fiber. There was bruising in all groups, with greater frequency in group 1 (73.33%). Conclusions Tumescence proved useful for preventing minor neurological injuries, but didn’t have any influence on the rates of bruising occurrence or of occlusion of the GSV in the thigh up to 30 days after thermal ablation.

Persistent below-knee great saphenous vein reflux after above-knee endovenous laser ablation with 1470-nm laser: a prospective study / Persistência do refluxo da veia safena magna na perna após termoablação com laser 1470 nm na coxa: estudo prospectivo

BACKGROUND: In endovenous laser ablation (EVLA), the great saphenous vein (GSV) is usually ablated from the knee to the groin, with no treatment of the below-knee segment regardless of its reflux status. However, persistent below-knee GSV reflux appears to be responsible for residual varicosities and symptoms of venous disease. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate clinical and duplex ultrasound (DUS) outcomes of the below-knee segment of the GSV after above-knee EVLA associated with conventional surgical treatment of varicosities and incompetent perforating veins. METHODS: Thirty-six patients (59 GSVs) were distributed into 2 groups, a control group (26 GSVs with normal below-knee flow on DUS) and a test group (33 GSVs with below-knee reflux). Above-knee EVLA was performed with a 1470-nm bare-fiber diode laser and supplemented with phlebectomies of varicose tributaries and insufficient perforating-communicating veins through mini-incisions. Follow-up DUS, clinical evaluation using the venous clinical severity score (VCSS), and evaluation of complications were performed at 3-5 days after the procedure and at 1, 6, and 12 months. RESULTS: Mean patient age was 45 years, and 31 patients were women (86.12%). VCSS improved in both groups. Most patients in the test group exhibited normalization of reflux, with normal flow at the beginning of follow-up (88.33% of GSVs at 3-5 days and 70% at 1 month). However, in many of these patients reflux eventually returned (56.67% of GSVs at 6 months and 70% at 1 year). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that reflux in the below-knee segment of the GSV was not influenced by the treatment performed.

CONTEXTO: A termoablação da veia safena magna com laser (em inglês, endovenous laser therapy - EVLA) geralmente é realizada do joelho até a virilha, sem tratamento do segmento abaixo do joelho, independentemente do seu status de refluxo. Entretanto, a persistência de refluxo da veia safena magna (VS.M) na perna parece ser responsável por varizes residuais e sintomas da doença venosa. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a evolução clínica e os resultados do eco-Doppler da VS.M na perna após EVLA na coxa associada ao tratamento cirúrgico convencional de varizes e veias perfurantes incompetentes. Métodos Trinta e seis pacientes (59 VS.Ms) foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo-controle (26 VS.Ms com fluxo normal na perna ao eco-Doppler) e grupo-teste (33 VS.Ms com refluxo na perna). EVLA na coxa foi realizada com laser 1470 nm com fibra nua, associada a flebectomia das veias tributárias e perfurantes-comunicantes insuficientes através de mini-incisões. Acompanhamento com eco-Doppler, avaliação clínica pelo escore de gravidade clínica venosa (em inglês, venous clinical severity score – VCSS) e avaliação das complicações foram realizados 3-5 dias após o procedimento e em 1, 6 e 12 meses. RESULTADOS: A idade média dos pacientes era de 45 anos, e 31 eram mulheres (86,12%). Os dois grupos apresentaram melhora no VCSS. A maioria do grupo-teste apresentou normalização do refluxo, com fluxo normal no início do acompanhamento (88,33% das VS.Ms em 3-5 dias e 70% em 1 mês). Porém, esses pacientes evoluíram com retorno do refluxo (56,67% das VS.Ms em 6 meses e 70% em 1 ano). CONCLUSÕES: Esses dados sugerem que o refluxo da VS.M na perna não foi influenciado pelo tratamento realizado.

Trombose induzida pelo calor endovenoso: relato de dois casos tratados com rivaroxabana e revisão da literatura / Endothermal heat-induced thrombosis (EHIT): reports on two case treated with rivaroxaban and literature review

Define-se trombose induzida pelo calor endovenoso como a propagação do trombo a partir de uma veia superficial em direção a uma veia mais profunda. Em geral, é considerada clinicamente insignificante quando não há propagação do trombo para o sistema venoso profundo. Essa condição pode ser tratada com terapia anticoagulante, embora a observação pareça ser suficiente, principalmente para graus menores. Neste estudo, relatamos dois casos de trombose induzida pelo calor endovenoso que teriam indicação de heparina de baixo peso molecular até a resolução do quadro. Porém, optou-se pelo uso da rivaroxabana (15 mg de 12 em 12h), com resolução completa do trombo em 4 semanas (caso 1) e em 7 dias (caso 2). A rivaroxabana pode ser uma alternativa promissora no tratamento da trombose induzida pelo calor endovenoso avançada, pela simplicidade da posologia, sem comprometimento da eficácia ou da segurança. São necessários estudos prospectivos, randomizados e controlados que possibilitem melhor entendimento da condição e o desenvolvimento de recomendações mais definitivas sobre opções de prevenção e tratamento.

Endothermal heat-induced thrombosis (EHIT) is defined as propagation of a thrombus from a superficial vein into a deeper vein and is generally considered clinically insignificant if the thrombus does not propagate to the deep venous system. The condition can be treated with anticoagulation therapy, although monitoring may be sufficient, especially in less severe cases. In this paper we report on two cases of EHIT that met the criteria for indication of low molecular weight heparin until resolution of symptoms. However, the treatment actually chosen was 15 mg of rivaroxaban every 12 h and the outcomes were complete thrombus resolution in 4 weeks in Case 1 and 7 days in Case 2. Rivaroxaban may be a promising alternative for treatment of severe EHIT because the dosage regimen is simplified without compromising efficacy or safety. Prospective, randomized, controlled studies are needed to better understand EHIT and to develop more definitive recommendations on prevention and treatment options for this condition.

Development of an ex vivo model of endovenous laser ablation of the great saphenous vein in a pilot study.

PURPOSE: To develop an ex vivo model for the analysis of macroscopic, histological and immunohistochemical changes after experimental endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) of the great saphenous vein (GSV). METHODS: We describe a model produced with glass tubes and introducer sheaths to mimic the physiological conditions of EVLA procedures, such as tumescence and blood flow. A pilot study was conducted to evaluate an ex vivo procedure of EVLA of an incompetent GSV segment using a 1470-nm radial fiber diode laser (7 W power) and an automatic pull-back device. The vein segment was analyzed macroscopically and by hematoxylin & eosin staining, elastic fiber histochemistry, Gomori's trichrome staining, and alpha-smooth muscle actin immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: No perforations were observed macroscopically. No muscle cell adhesion was observed in the central part of the ablated vein, showing tissue disruption. There was low labeling for elastic fibers, disruption of muscle fibers, and a reduced expression of the specific marker for this cell type. CONCLUSION: This ex vivo endovenous laser ablation model is a low cost alternative to in vivo experiments, providing standardized experimental conditions.

IMPLEMENTATION AND VALIDATION OF STATISTICAL TESTS IN RESEARCH'S SOFTWARE HELPING DATA COLLECTION AND PROTOCOLS ANALYSIS IN SURGERY.

BACKGROUND: The use of information technology is often applied in healthcare. With regard to scientific research, the SINPE(c) - Integrated Electronic Protocols was created as a tool to support researchers, offering clinical data standardization. By the time, SINPE(c) lacked statistical tests obtained by automatic analysis. AIM: Add to SINPE(c) features for automatic realization of the main statistical methods used in medicine . METHODS: The study was divided into four topics: check the interest of users towards the implementation of the tests; search the frequency of their use in health care; carry out the implementation; and validate the results with researchers and their protocols. It was applied in a group of users of this software in their thesis in the strict sensu master and doctorate degrees in one postgraduate program in surgery. To assess the reliability of the statistics was compared the data obtained both automatically by SINPE(c) as manually held by a professional in statistics with experience with this type of study. RESULTS: There was concern for the use of automatic statistical tests, with good acceptance. The chi-square, Mann-Whitney, Fisher and t-Student were considered as tests frequently used by participants in medical studies. These methods have been implemented and thereafter approved as expected. CONCLUSION: The incorporation of the automatic SINPE

Tomographic Measurement of Gutters and Analysis of the Conformability of Stent Grafts in the Octopus Technique for Endovascular Thoracoabdominal Aneurysm Repair.

BACKGROUND: The Octopus technique is an off-label and off-the-shelf strategy used as an option in the management of some specific and selected cases of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAA). We sought to compare 2 different methods of measurements on computed tomography (CT) slices and to evaluate the accommodation and conformability, before and after ballooning, of the components used in the Octopus technique. METHODS: The CT gutter analysis between the 3 stent grafts within the short docking limb of the Excluder(®) was made using Viabahns(®) of 8, 7, and 6 mm in diameter. Each of the 10 possible combinations underwent a CT established protocol. The best axial image of the docking limb was submitted for an evaluation by 2 independent analysts, using 2 different methods. We also performed a postballooning evaluation, and the same CT protocol was used. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the formats of measurement type "A" and type "B." Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the measurements made by the independent analysts. The tomography analyses demonstrated that the combination of stent grafts (Viabahn) of 8 and 7 mm diameter, inside the short docking limb of the bifurcated endoprosthesis, had the best possible relationship between the diameters used. These combinations showed better conformability and juxtaposition, with smaller areas of gutters and theoretically less possibility of endoleak. In addition, we found that postimplant balloon dilatation impaired the conformability and juxtaposition of the stent grafts (Viabahn) in the optimum combinations. CONCLUSIONS: In this analysis, we demonstrated a feasible, reliable, and reproducible form of CT measurement of the gutters in the Octopus technique for endovascular repair of TAAAs. Based on these measurements, there is a preferable combination of Viabahn sizes to be used in the Octopus technique and that postdilatation impairs the conformability and juxtaposition.

Subjective and Objective Analyses of Voice Improvement After Phonosurgery in Professional Voice Users.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate voice improvement after phonosurgery by subjective and objective voice analysis. DESIGN: Prospective observational analytic group study. METHODS: This study was conducted from January 2012 to December 2013. Two hundred forty professional voice users (patients), classified as Koufman level I or II with benign vocal fold lesions, were divided in two groups. Patients in group 1 had a diagnosis of superficial vocal fold lesions, and patients in group 2 had deep lesions on the vocal folds. All patients completed the Vocal Performance Questionnaire (VPQ) and underwent acoustic voice tests using the Praat program. Subjective and objective voice analyses were performed before phonosurgery and at 1, 2, and 3 months after phonosurgery. A control group of 100 volunteers was created and underwent the same voice metrics that were applied to the patients. RESULTS: Jitter, shimmer, harmonic-to-noise ratio, and VPQ scores significantly differentiated patients with vocal fold lesions from individuals in the control group. All of the analyzed parameters improved significantly after phonosurgery. Additionally, patients with superficial vocal fold lesions achieved normal voice parameters 1 month after surgery, and patients with deep lesions achieved normal voice parameters 3 months after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of vocal parameters using the VPQ and acoustic tests revealed voice improvement after phonosurgery for both patient groups.

Implementation and validation of statistical tests in research's software helping data collection and protocols analysis in surgery / Implementação e validação de testes estatísticos em software de pesquisa para coleta e análise de dados em protocolos de cirurgia

Background : The use of information technology is often applied in healthcare. With regard to scientific research, the SINPE(c) - Integrated Electronic Protocols was created as a tool to support researchers, offering clinical data standardization. By the time, SINPE(c) lacked statistical tests obtained by automatic analysis. Aim : Add to SINPE(c) features for automatic realization of the main statistical methods used in medicine . Methods : The study was divided into four topics: check the interest of users towards the implementation of the tests; search the frequency of their use in health care; carry out the implementation; and validate the results with researchers and their protocols. It was applied in a group of users of this software in their thesis in the strict sensu master and doctorate degrees in one postgraduate program in surgery. To assess the reliability of the statistics was compared the data obtained both automatically by SINPE(c) as manually held by a professional in statistics with experience with this type of study. Results : There was concern for the use of automatic statistical tests, with good acceptance. The chi-square, Mann-Whitney, Fisher and t-Student were considered as tests frequently used by participants in medical studies. These methods have been implemented and thereafter approved as expected. Conclusion : The incorporation of the automatic SINPE(c) Statistical Analysis was shown to be reliable and equal to the manually done, validating its use as a research tool for medical research.

Racional : O uso de tecnologias da informação é frequentemente aplicado na área da saúde. No que diz respeito à pesquisa científica, o SINPE(c) Sistema Integrado de Protocolos Eletrônicos foi criado como ferramenta para apoiar o pesquisador facilitando a coleta padronizada e confiável. Até o momento o SINPE(c) desta não dispunha de recurso de testes estatísticos para análise automática. Objetivo : Adicionar ao SINPE(c) recursos para a realização automática dos principais métodos estatísticos utilizados na medicina. Métodos : O estudo foi dividido em quatro tópicos: verificar o interesse dos usuários para com a implementação dos testes; pesquisar a frequência de uso deles na área da saúde; realizar a implementação; e validar os resultados com os pesquisadores e seus respectivos protocolos. Foi utilizado em um grupo de usuários deste software em seus trabalhos de tese no sistema de pós-graduação estrito senso em cirurgia. Para aferir a confiabilidade dos resultados estatísticos foi utilizada comparação dos dados obtidos tanto na forma automática pelo SINPE(c) como na manual, realizada por estatístico de experiência nesse tipo de trabalho. Resultados : Houve interesse para com o uso de testes estatísticos e boa aceitação. Os testes considerados de uso frequente pelos participantes em trabalhos médicos foram qui-quadrado, Mann-Whitney, exato de Fisher e t-Student. Estes métodos foram implementados e, posteriormente, homologados conforme esperado. Conclusão : A incorporação de análise estatística automática no SINPE(c) mostrou-se confiável e de igual resultado que a estatística manual, validando seu uso como ferramenta para pesquisa na área médica.